Peptide Research Library

Sikiric P, et al. "Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and its effects on a NSAID toxicity model." Journal of Physiology Paris, 1999.

Original characterization of BPC-157's cytoprotective properties in gastric injury models.

Sikiric P, et al. "Brain-gut axis and pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Theoretical and practical implications." Current Neuropharmacology, 2016.

Review of BPC-157's observed effects across gastrointestinal and neurological research models.

Sikiric P, et al. "Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 — NO system relation." Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2018.

Examination of BPC-157's interaction with the nitric oxide system in preclinical models.

Chang CH, et al. "BPC 157 enhances the growth hormone receptor expression in tendon fibroblasts." Molecules, 2014.

Study of BPC-157's effects on growth factor receptor expression in tendon tissue models.

Malinda KM, et al. "Thymosin beta 4 accelerates wound healing." Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 1999.

Foundational study on TB-4's promotion of dermal wound healing via cell migration.

Bock-Marquette I, et al. "Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair." Nature, 2004.

Landmark study on thymosin beta-4 in cardiac ischemia models.

Sosne G, et al. "Thymosin beta 4 promotes corneal wound healing and modulates inflammatory mediators in vivo." Experimental Eye Research, 2007.

TB-4 effects on corneal wound healing and anti-inflammatory properties.

Pickart L, et al. "GHK peptide as a natural modulator of multiple cellular pathways in skin regeneration." PLOS ONE, 2012.

Gene expression study showing GHK-Cu modulates 4,000+ human genes.

Pickart L. "The human tri-peptide GHK and tissue remodeling." Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2008.

Review of GHK-Cu's roles in tissue remodeling and age-related decline.

Abdel-Malek ZA, et al. "The melanocortin 1 receptor and the UV response of human melanocytes." Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2006.

Melanocortin-mediated melanogenesis and photoprotection mechanisms.

Hruby VJ, et al. "Design of cyclic and linear peptide analogs of alpha-melanotropin." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 1995.

Structure-activity relationship studies establishing Melanotan II potency.

Hadley ME, Dorr RT. "Melanocortin peptide therapeutics: historical milestones, clinical studies and commercialization." Peptides, 2006.

Comprehensive review of melanocortin peptide development history.

Diamond LE, et al. "An effect on the subjective sexual response in premenopausal women by bremelanotide." International Journal of Impotence Research, 2004.

Study characterizing PT-141's central mechanism of action.

Teichman SL, et al. "Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2006.

Phase I/II clinical study demonstrating CJC-1295 DAC pharmacokinetics.

Jetté L, et al. "hGRF1-29-albumin bioconjugates activate the GRF receptor on the anterior pituitary in rats." Endocrinology, 2005.

DPP-IV resistance and albumin-binding mechanism of CJC-1295.

Raun K, et al. "Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue." European Journal of Endocrinology, 1998.

Foundational study establishing Ipamorelin's selectivity for GH over ACTH/cortisol/prolactin.

Falutz J, et al. "Effects of tesamorelin, a growth hormone-releasing factor, in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation." New England Journal of Medicine, 2007.

Randomized controlled trial of Tesamorelin's effects on body composition.

Baker LD, et al. "Effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone on cognitive function in adults with mild cognitive impairment." Archives of Neurology, 2012.

Preliminary study of GHRH analog effects on cognitive biomarkers.

Imai S, Guarente L. "NAD+ and sirtuins in aging and disease." Trends in Cell Biology, 2014.

Landmark review of the NAD+/sirtuin axis in aging biology.

López-Otín C, et al. "The hallmarks of aging." Cell, 2013.

Defining framework for aging biology hallmarks including mitochondrial dysfunction and nutrient sensing.

Khavinson VK, et al. "Peptide Epitalon activates chromatin at the old age." Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2003.

Telomerase activation by Epitalon in human somatic cell cultures.

Anisimov VN, et al. "Effect of Epitalon on biomarkers of aging, life span and spontaneous tumor incidence in female Swiss-derived SHR mice." Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 2003.

Rodent lifespan study with Epitalon and melatonin rhythm restoration.

Szeto HH. "Cell-permeable, mitochondrial-targeted, peptide antioxidants." AAPS Journal, 2006.

Characterization of the Szeto-Schiller peptide family and mitochondrial targeting mechanism.

Birk AV, et al. "The mitochondrial-targeted compound SS-31 re-energizes ischemic mitochondria by interacting with cardiolipin." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 2013.

SS-31/cardiolipin interaction mechanism.

Siegel MP, et al. "Mitochondrial-targeted peptide rapidly improves mitochondrial energetics and skeletal muscle performance in aged mice." Aging Cell, 2013.

SS-31 effects on aged skeletal muscle energetics.

Lee C, et al. "The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance." Cell Metabolism, 2015.

Discovery paper establishing MOTS-c as the first mitochondrial-derived peptide.

Kim SJ, et al. "Mitochondrial-derived peptides in aging and age-related diseases." Cell Metabolism, 2019.

MOTS-c nuclear translocation and mito-nuclear communication.

Reynolds JC, et al. "MOTS-c is an exercise-induced mitochondrial-encoded regulator of age-dependent physical decline and muscle homeostasis." Nature Communications, 2021.

MOTS-c and exercise physiology in aged models.

Baar MP, et al. "Targeted apoptosis of senescent cells restores tissue homeostasis in response to chemotoxicity and aging." Cell, 2017.

Landmark study introducing FOXO4-DRI as a senolytic peptide.

Schoenenberger GA, Monnier M. "Characterization of a delta electroencephalogram sleep-inducing peptide." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1977.

Original isolation and characterization of DSIP.

Sudakov KV, et al. "Delta sleep-inducing peptide sequels in mechanisms of resistance to emotional stress." Peptides, 1995.

DSIP and HPA axis modulation under stress conditions.

Dolotov OV, et al. "Semax, an analog of ACTH(4-10) with cognitive effects, regulates BDNF and trkB in the rat hippocampus." Neuroscience Letters, 2006.

Semax-induced BDNF upregulation in hippocampal tissue.

Seredenin SB, et al. "Anxiolytic action of tuftsin analog selank." Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 1998.

Characterization of Selank's anxiolytic activity in preclinical models.

Inozemtseva LS, et al. "The effect of selank on learning and memory processes in rats." Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2008.

Selank effects on cognitive function and BDNF expression.

Goldstein AL, et al. "Thymosin alpha 1: isolation and sequence analysis of an immunologically active thymic polypeptide." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1977.

Original isolation and characterization of Thymosin Alpha-1.

Romani L, et al. "Thymosin alpha 1 activates dendritic cell tryptophan catabolism." Blood, 2006.

TLR-mediated dendritic cell activation mechanism of Tα1.

Vandamme D, et al. "A comprehensive summary of LL-37, the factotum human cathelicidin peptide." Cellular Immunology, 2012.

Comprehensive review of LL-37's multifunctional roles in innate immunity.

De Y, et al. "LL-37, the neutrophil granule- and epithelial cell-derived cathelicidin, utilizes formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1) as a receptor to chemoattract human peripheral blood neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells." Journal of Experimental Medicine, 2000.

LL-37 chemotactic function via FPRL1.

Khavinson VK. "Peptides and ageing." Peptides, 2002.

Overview of the bioregulatory peptide hypothesis and research program.